Outdoor air pollutants are a major public health concern because they can harm people’s health, the environment, and property. Learn more about four common air pollutants and their effects.

1. Particulate Matter

Particulate matter (PM) is tiny particles suspended in the air—they can be solid or liquid. These particles are categorized based on their size and emission sources.

The effects of particulate matter on human health include respiratory issues, such as asthma and bronchitis, cardiovascular problems, and even premature death. PM can impair visibility, contribute to smog formation, and harm ecosystems by depositing particles on plants and in bodies of water.

2. Ground-Level Ozone

Ground-level ozone is formed by the reaction of sunlight with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the presence of heat. This pollutant is often found in industrial areas. It’s not enough for industries to work on diminishing the formation of these pollutants. They must provide employees with essential protection in the form of half-mask or full-face respirators, depending on which is more suitable for the work area.

Ground-level ozone is a major component of smog and is known to cause respiratory problems, such as coughing, throat irritation, and reduced lung function. Ozone also damages vegetation, reducing crop yields and impacting ecosystems.

3. Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels like wood, gas, propane, and coal. When inhaled, it binds to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing the blood’s capacity to transport oxygen.

High levels of carbon monoxide can lead to headaches, dizziness, and even death. This pollutant is particularly harmful to individuals with cardiovascular diseases, to unborn babies, and to people exposed to traffic congestion or poorly ventilated spaces.

4. Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide is a reddish-brown gas primarily emitted by vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes. Human activities, such as the combustion of fossil fuels, are the primary source of nitrogen dioxide.

Prolonged exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause headaches, fatigue, dizziness, and respiratory problems. Nitrogen dioxide exposure can worsen respiratory conditions like asthma and increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. Nitrogen dioxide also contributes to the formation of smog and acid rain, harming ecosystems and damaging buildings and other structures.

Particulate matter, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide have adverse environmental and health consequences. Understanding these four common air pollutants and their effects highlights the importance of effective pollution control measures and adequate PPE.

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